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Saturday, 14 November 2026 Judgments, law jobs and study notes, written by a practising advocate
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 · Order I: Parties To Suits

Order I Rule 3A CPC: Power to order separate trials where joinder of defendants may embarrass or delay trial

Bare Act text

[3A. Power to order separate trials where joinder of defendants may embarrass or delay trial.—Where it appears to the Court that any joinder of defendants may embarrass or delay the trial of the suit, the Court may order separate trials or make such other order as may be expedient in the interests of justice.]

Amendment notes

  1. Ins. by s. 52, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

Text of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act No. 5 of 1908), First Schedule, as amended, including the changes for commercial disputes made by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Source: India Code, Government of India.

In simple words

Where the Court considers that joining defendants in a suit may embarrass or delay the trial, it may order separate trials or make such other order as is expedient in the interests of justice. The rule was inserted by the 1976 amendment.

Order I: Parties To Suits

  1. 1 Who may be joined as plaintiffs
  2. 2 Power of Court to order separate trial
  3. 3 Who may be joined as defendants
  4. 3A Power to order separate trials where joinder of defendants may embarrass or delay trial
  5. 4 Court may give judgment for or against one or more of joint parties
  6. 5 Defendant need not be interested in all the relief claimed
  7. 6 Joinder of parties liable on same contract
  8. 7 When plaintiff in doubt from whom redress is to be sought
  9. 8 One person may sue or defend on behalf of all in same interest
  10. 8A Power of Court to permit a person or body of persons to present opinion or to take part in the proceedings
  11. 9 Misjoinder and non-joinder
  12. 10 Suit in name of wrong plaintiff
  13. 10A Power of Court to request any pleader to address it
  14. 11 Conduct of suit
  15. 12 Appearance of one of several plaintiffs or defendants for others
  16. 13 Objections as to non-joinder or misjoinder