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Friday, 13 November 2026 Judgments, law jobs and study notes, written by a practising advocate
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 · Order XXX: Suits By Or Against Firms And Persons Carrying On Business In Names Other Than Their Own

Order XXX Rule 8 CPC: Appearance under protest

Bare Act text

[8. Appearance under protest.—(1) Any person served with summons as a partner under rule 3 may enter an appearance under protest, denying that he was a partner at any material time.

(2) On such appearance being made, either the plaintiff or the person entering the appearance may, at any time before the date fixed for hearing and final disposal of the suit, apply to the Court for determining whether that person was a partner of the firm and liable as such.

(3) If, on such application, the Court holds that he was a partner at the material time, that shall not preclude the person from filing a defence denying the liability of the firm in respect of the claim against the defendant.

(4) If the Court, however, holds that such person was not a partner of the firm and was not liable as such that shall not preclude the plaintiff from otherwise serving a summons on the firm and proceeding with the suit; but in that event, the plaintiff shall be precluded from alleging the liability of that person as a partner of the firm in execution of any decree that may be passed against the firm.]

Amendment notes

  1. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, s. 78, for rule 8 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

Text of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act No. 5 of 1908), First Schedule, as amended, including the changes for commercial disputes made by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Source: India Code, Government of India.

In simple words

A person served with summons as a partner may enter an appearance under protest, denying that he was a partner at any material time. Either the plaintiff or that person may then apply before the date fixed for hearing and final disposal for the Court to decide whether he was a partner and liable as such. If held a partner, he may still deny the firm's liability. If held not a partner, the plaintiff may serve the firm otherwise but cannot assert his liability as a partner in execution. Substituted in 1976.

Order XXX: Suits By Or Against Firms And Persons Carrying On Business In Names Other Than Their Own

  1. 1 Suing of partners in name of firm
  2. 2 Disclosure of partners’ names
  3. 3 Service
  4. 4 Rights of suit on death of partner
  5. 5 Notice in what capacity served
  6. 6 Appearance of partners
  7. 7 No appearance except by partners
  8. 8 Appearance under protest
  9. 9 Suits between co-partners
  10. 10 Suit against person carrying on business in name other than his own