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Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 · Order XXXII: Suits By Or Against Minors And Persons Of Unsound Mind

Order XXXII Rule 4 CPC: Who may act as next friend or be appointed guardian for the suit

Bare Act text

4. Who may act as next friend or he appointed guardian for the suit.—(1) Any person who is of sound mind and has attained majority may act as next friend of a minor or as his guardian for the suit:

Provided that the interest of such person is not adverse to that of the minor and that he is not, in the case of a next friend, a defendant, or, in the case of a guardian for the suit, a plaintiff.

(2) Where a minor has a guardian appointed or declared by competent authority, no person other than such guardian shall act as the next friend of the minor or be appointed his guardian for the suit unless the Court considers, for reasons to be recorded, that it is for the minor’s welfare that another person be permitted to act or be appointed, as the case may be.

(3) No person shall without his consent [in writing] be appointed guardian for the suit.

(4) Where there is no other person fit and willing to act as guardian for the suit, the Court may appoint any of its officers to be such guardian, and may direct that the costs to be incurred by such officer in the performance of his duties as such guardian shall be borne either by the parties or by any one or more of the parties to the suit, or out of any fund in Court in which the minor is interested [or out of the property of the minor], and may give directions for the repayment or allowance of such costs as justice and the circumstances of the case may require.

Amendment notes

  1. Ins. by s. 79, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

Text of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act No. 5 of 1908), First Schedule, as amended, including the changes for commercial disputes made by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Source: India Code, Government of India.

In simple words

Any person of sound mind who has attained majority may act as next friend of a minor or as guardian for the suit, provided his interest is not adverse to the minor's and he is not a defendant, if next friend, or a plaintiff, if guardian. Where a competent authority has appointed or declared a guardian, no one else may act unless the Court records that the minor's welfare requires it. No one can be appointed guardian for the suit without his written consent. If no fit person is willing, the Court may appoint its own officer and direct how his costs are borne.

Order XXXII: Suits By Or Against Minors And Persons Of Unsound Mind

  1. 1 Minor to sue by next friend
  2. 2 Where suit is instituted without next friend, plaint to be taken off the file
  3. 2A Security to be furnished by next friend when so ordered
  4. 3 Guardian for the suit to be appointed by Court for minor defendant
  5. 3A Decree against minor not to be set aside unless prejudice has been caused to his interest
  6. 4 Who may act as next friend or be appointed guardian for the suit
  7. 5 Representation of minor by next friend or guardian for the suit
  8. 6 Receipt by next friend or guardian for the suit of property under decree for minor
  9. 7 Agreement or compromise by next friend or guardian for the suit
  10. 8 Retirement of next friend
  11. 9 Removal of next friend
  12. 10 Stay of proceedings on removal, etc., of next friend
  13. 11 Retirement, removal or death of guardian for the suit
  14. 12 Course to be followed by minor plaintiff or applicant on attaining majority
  15. 13 Where minor co-plaintiff attaining majority desires to repudiate suit
  16. 14 Unreasonable or improper suit
  17. 15 Rules 1 to 14 (except rule 2A) to apply to persons of unsound mind
  18. 16 Savings