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Friday, 13 November 2026 Judgments, law jobs and study notes, written by a practising advocate
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 · Part VII: Appeals

Section 98 CPC: Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges

Bare Act text

98. Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges.—(1) Where an appeal is heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, the appeal shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of such Judges or of the majority (if any) of such Judges.

(2) Where there is no such majority which concurs in a judgment varying or reversing the decree appealed from, such decree shall be confirmed :

Provided that where the Bench hearing the appeal is [composed of two or other even number of Judges belonging to a Court consisting of more Judges than those constituting the Bench] and the Judges composing the Bench differ in opinion on a point of law, they may state the point of law upon which they differ and the appeal shall then be heard upon that point only by one or more of the other Judges, and such point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority (if any) of the Judges who have heard the appeal, including those who first heard it.

[(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to alter or otherwise affect any provision of the letters to patent of any High Court.]

Amendment notes

  1. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, s. 34, for certain words (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
  2. Ins. by Act 18 of 1928, s. 2 and the First Schedule.

Text of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act No. 5 of 1908), as amended, including the changes for commercial disputes made by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Source: India Code, Government of India.

In simple words

Where an appeal is heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, it is decided according to the opinion of the Judges or the majority. If there is no majority concurring in a judgment varying or reversing the decree, the decree is confirmed. The proviso covers an even-numbered Bench of a Court with more Judges that differs on a point of law: the point may be stated and heard by one or more other Judges, and the appeal is decided on their opinion.

Part VII: Appeals

  1. 96 Appeal from original decree
  2. 97 Appeal from final decree where no appeal from preliminary decree
  3. 98 Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges
  4. 99 No decree to be reversed or modified for error or irregularity not affecting merits or jurisdiction
  5. 99A No order under section 47 to be reversed or modified unless decision of the case is prejudicially affected
  6. 100 Second appeal
  7. 100A No further appeal in certain cases
  8. 101 Second appeal on no other grounds
  9. 102 No second appeal in certain cases
  10. 103 Power of High Court to determine issue of fact
  11. 104 Orders from which appeal lies
  12. 105 Other orders
  13. 106 What Courts to hear appeals
  14. 107 Powers of Appellate Court
  15. 108 Procedure in appeals from appellate decrees and orders
  16. 109 When appeals lie to the Supreme Court
  17. 110 Value of subject matters (Repealed)
  18. 111 Bar of certain appeals (Repealed)
  19. 111A Appeals to Federal Court (Repealed)
  20. 112 Savings